Human biological variation refers to the natural differences in physical and biological characteristics found among individuals and populations of the human species. These variations arise through the interaction of genetic inheritance, mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, environmental influences, and cultural practices. Despite these differences, all human beings belong to a single species, *Homo sapiens*, and share a common genetic heritage. Human biological variation is continuous rather than discrete, and modern biological anthropology emphasizes that such variation does not support the concept of biologically distinct human races. Instead, it reflects adaptation to diverse ecological conditions and the evolutionary history of human populations. Morphological characteristics are among the most commonly used indicators to study human biological variation. These are observable physical traits that differ among populations due to hereditary and environmental factors. Anthropologists examine these traits to understand adaptation, migration, and evolutionary relationships rather than to classify people into rigid racial categories. Skin colour is one of the most significant morphological traits. It varies from very light to very dark and is primarily determined by the amount and type of melanin pigment produced in the skin. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun has been the major selective force influencing skin pigmentation. Populations living near the equator generally possess darker skin, which protects against harmful ultraviolet rays, while populations in higher latitudes tend to have lighter skin that facilitates vitamin D synthesis under lower sunlight conditions. Hair characteristics also exhibit considerable variation. Hair differs in colour, texture, form, density, and cross-sectional shape. It may be straight, wavy, curly, or tightly