Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, distribution, and changes over time. It examines population characteristics such as birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, age composition, sex ratio, and other factors that influence population dynamics. In biological anthropology, demography is important for understanding biological diversity in human populations because demographic processes directly affect genetic variation, population growth, adaptation, and evolutionary patterns. The study of mortality, fertility, and migration helps researchers understand how environmental, biological, and social factors shape human populations. Mortality refers to the occurrence of deaths within a population during a specific period. Mortality measures are important demographic indicators that provide information about the health status, survival patterns, and biological conditions of human populations. Variations in mortality rates among populations may occur due to differences in genetic factors, nutrition, disease exposure, environmental conditions, healthcare facilities, and lifestyle practices. The crude death rate is one of the simplest mortality measures. It represents the total number of deaths occurring in a population during a specific year per thousand individuals of the total population. It provides a general picture of mortality levels but may be influenced by the age structure of a population. A population with a higher proportion of elderly individuals may show a higher crude death rate even