Landslides are the downward movement of rock, soil, debris, or a combination of these materials under the influence of gravity. They are among the most significant geomorphic hazards affecting mountainous and hilly regions across the world. Landslides are controlled by the interaction of geological, geomorphological, hydrological, climatic, and human-induced factors. They not only alter the physical landscape but also cause extensive damage to human settlements, infrastructure, forests, agricultural land, and ecosystems. The occurrence of landslides depends on slope stability. A stable slope maintains equilibrium between resisting forces and driving forces, whereas an unstable slope fails when the driving forces exceed the resisting forces. The nature of rocks, degree of weathering, soil thickness, slope angle, vegetation cover, and groundwater conditions determine the susceptibility of an area to landslides. Natural causes play a major role in triggering landslides. Heavy and prolonged rainfall is the most common trigger, as water infiltrates into the soil, increases its weight, reduces friction, and weakens slope stability. Earthquakes generate ground vibrations that loosen rock masses and initiate landslides, particularly in tectonically active mountain belts. Volcanic eruptions may also cause landslides through explosions,