Plant parasitic nematodes cause serious losses to agricultural crops by damaging roots, reducing nutrient uptake, predisposing plants to secondary infections, and lowering yield and quality. Effective management and control of these nematodes require an integrated and well-planned approach based on knowledge of nematode biology, host range, soil conditions, and cropping systems. Management strategies can be broadly grouped into cultural, physical, biological, chemical, and regulatory measures, all of which together contribute to sustainable nematode control. Cultural practices form the foundation of nematode management. Crop rotation with non-host or poor-host crops helps to break the life cycle of nematodes and reduce their population density in soil. The use of resistant or tolerant crop varieties is another important method, as resistant plants restrict nematode penetration, development, or reproduction. Proper sanitation practices, such as using nematode-free planting material and preventing the movement of contaminated soil, tools, or irrigation water, reduce the spread of nematodes to uninfested fields. Organic amendments