Pharmaceutical waste refers to medicines, pharmaceutical products, vaccines, diagnostic substances, and related materials that are expired, damaged, contaminated, recalled, or otherwise no longer required. Such waste may contain active pharmaceutical ingredients, toxic chemicals, antibiotics, hormones, cytotoxic substances, or other biologically active compounds. If pharmaceutical waste is disposed of improperly, it can contaminate soil and water, expose healthcare workers and waste handlers to hazardous substances, and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, safe treatment and disposal methods are essential in healthcare waste management. One important method used for certain types of pharmaceutical waste is encapsulation. Encapsulation is a waste-treatment and disposal technique in which pharmaceutical waste is enclosed or immobilized within a suitable material so that the waste cannot easily escape into the surrounding environment. The basic objective is to isolate hazardous pharmaceutical substances from people, animals, soil, groundwater, and surface water. Instead of allowing the waste to remain exposed, it is placed inside a container or enclosed in a solid matrix, which reduces the possibility of leakage, accidental contact, scavenging, and environmental contamination. The encapsulation process generally begins with the identification, segregation, collection, and temporary storage of pharmaceutical waste. Pharmaceutical waste should be separated from general healthcare waste at the point where it is generated. Expired medicines, damaged medicines, pharmaceutical containers, and other pharmaceutical materials should be collected in clearly identified and appropriately labelled containers. Hazardous categories, particularly cytotoxic or highly toxic pharmaceutical waste, require additional precautions and should be handled according to applicable regulations and institutional procedures. After segregation, the pharmaceutical waste is transferred to a suitable container for encapsulation. Strong and leak-proof containers are preferred because they must remain intact during handling, transportation, and final disposal. Depending on the quantity and nature of the waste, containers such as rigid plastic or metal drums may be used. The container should be structurally sound and capable of being securely closed. It should not have holes, cracks, or other defects through which pharmaceutical substances could escape. In a commonly described encapsulation procedure, the container is filled with pharmaceutical waste up to an appropriate level, leaving sufficient space for the immobilizing material. The waste is then surrounded or covered with a material such as cement mortar, cement-based slurry, or another suitable binding substance. The purpose of this material is to form a solid mass around the pharmaceutical products and prevent their direct exposure to the environment. After the immobilizing material has been added, the container is securely sealed. The quantity and composition of the encapsulating material depend upon the waste type, container size, and disposal conditions. Cement is often considered useful