Gestalt approaches and Newell’s approach provide important perspectives for understanding problem solving in cognitive psychology. Problem solving refers to the mental process through which individuals identify a problem, generate possible solutions, and select appropriate strategies to achieve a goal. Cognitive psychologists have studied problem solving by focusing on perception, thinking, reasoning, memory, and the strategies used by individuals. The Gestalt approach to problem solving emerged from the Gestalt school of psychology, which emphasized that people perceive situations as organized wholes rather than as separate parts. According to Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, problem solving involves restructuring the problem situation and achieving insight. Insight refers to a sudden understanding of the relationship between different elements of a problem that leads to the solution. Gestalt psychologists argued that unsuccessful problem solving often occurs because individuals develop a fixed way of looking at a problem, known as functional fixedness. Functional fixedness prevents people from recognizing alternative uses of objects or different approaches to solving problems. A famous example is Köhler’s study of chimpanzees, where the animals solved problems by suddenly understanding