Gender discrimination refers to the unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender, while gender subordination refers to the systematic positioning of one gender, particularly women and gender minorities, in a lower social, economic, political, and cultural status than men. These concepts are central to the study of Gender and Society because they explain how unequal power relations are created, maintained, and reproduced through social institutions and everyday practices. Gender discrimination and subordination are not merely individual acts of prejudice but are deeply embedded in social structures, cultural norms, laws, and institutions. Gender is a social construct that defines the roles, responsibilities, expectations, and behaviours considered appropriate for men and women. Society often assigns greater value to masculine traits, resulting in unequal opportunities and privileges. Patriarchy, a system in which men hold primary power and dominate political leadership, economic resources, and family authority, is one of the major causes of gender discrimination and women's subordination. Patriarchal values reinforce stereotypes that portray men as strong, rational, and suitable for leadership, while women are viewed as emotional, dependent, and responsible mainly for domestic work. Discrimination begins even before birth through practices such as sex-selective abortion in societies where sons are preferred over daughters. During childhood, girls may receive