Artificial selection is a process in genetics and animal biotechnology where humans deliberately choose specific individuals with desirable traits to breed, aiming to enhance or propagate those traits in future generations. This process relies heavily on the concepts of heritability, selection differential, and response to selection, which provide a quantitative framework for predicting the outcomes of selective breeding. Narrow-sense heritability (h²) is central to artificial selection because it measures the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is attributable to additive genetic variance. Unlike broad-sense heritability, which considers all genetic contributions including dominance and epistasis, narrow-sense heritability focuses only on additive effects, which are transmitted predictably from parents to offspring. High narrow-sense heritability indicates that selection will be more effective, as offspring are likely to inherit the traits observed in their parents. The selection differential (S) quantifies the difference between the mean phenotype of selected parents and the mean phenotype of the entire population before selection. This measure captures the intensity of selection applied to a trait. The response to selection (R) describes the actual change in the population’s mean phenotype in the next generation. The relationship between these