Ethno-political movements among tribes in India are collective struggles based on ethnic identity, culture, territory, language, and the demand for political autonomy or self-governance. These movements have emerged as responses to historical neglect, economic exploitation, cultural marginalization, land alienation, and inadequate political representation. While some movements have remained democratic and constitutional, others have taken militant forms due to prolonged grievances. They have significantly influenced India's federal structure and tribal policies. One of the earliest and most significant ethno-political movements was the Naga movement. The Nagas, spread across Nagaland and adjoining states, demanded political independence based on their distinct ethnic identity and historical autonomy. This movement eventually led to the creation of Nagaland as a separate state in 1963. However, factions continued to demand greater autonomy, resulting in prolonged negotiations with the Government of India. The Mizo movement in present-day