The concept of ecosystem, borrowed from ecology, has become an important analytical tool in anthropology for understanding the dynamic relationship between humans and their environment. An ecosystem refers to a functional unit comprising living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment, interacting through the exchange of energy, nutrients, and resources. In environmental anthropology, this concept is applied to study how different societies adapt to environmental conditions, manage natural resources, and maintain ecological balance through cultural practices. The ecosystem approach has significantly enriched anthropological studies by integrating biological, cultural, and environmental perspectives. The application of the ecosystem concept in anthropology gained prominence through the development of cultural ecology, pioneered by Julian Steward. Steward argued that cultural practices and social institutions evolve partly in response to environmental constraints and opportunities. He emphasized that the interaction between culture and environment should be studied as an integrated system rather than as isolated phenomena. This approach enabled anthropologists to explain variations in subsistence patterns, settlement organization, and technological adaptations across societies. Roy Rappaport further advanced the ecosystem approach through his study of the Tsembaga Maring of Papua New Guinea. He demonstrated how ritual cycles, pig husbandry, warfare, and agricultural practices collectively regulated population growth, resource use, and ecological stability. His work illustrated that cultural institutions often perform ecological functions, maintaining equilibrium between human populations