Conservation is understood differently across societies because human relationships with nature are shaped by cultural values, beliefs, social institutions, and economic practices. Environmental anthropology studies these interactions by examining how different cultures perceive, use, and manage natural resources. It recognizes that conservation is not merely a scientific or technical activity but also a cultural process influenced by traditions, worldviews, and local knowledge. Cultural perspectives on conservation demonstrate that sustainable environmental management often depends on the integration of ecological understanding with social and cultural practices. Many indigenous and tribal societies view nature as sacred and maintain a close spiritual relationship with forests, rivers, mountains, and wildlife. Natural elements are often associated with ancestral spirits, deities, or sacred beings. Such beliefs encourage restraint in resource use and promote long-term ecological balance. Sacred groves in India, for example, have preserved biodiversity for centuries because religious customs prohibit the cutting of trees or hunting of animals within these areas. Similar practices are found among indigenous communities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia, where cultural taboos regulate access to natural resources. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) forms an important cultural perspective in conservation. It consists of knowledge, practices, and beliefs developed by local communities through long-term interaction with their environment. This knowledge includes seasonal cycles, wildlife behavior, medicinal plants, soil management, water conservation, and sustainable harvesting techniques. Environmental anthropologists emphasize that TEK is adaptive, dynamic, and often scientifically valuable. It complements modern conservation science by providing locally appropriate methods for ecosystem