IGNOU MPYE 3 2026 2027 - Do you think that Upamana (Comparison) is an independent source of val

Question

Do you think that Upamana (Comparison) is an independent source of valid knowledge? Give reasons.

09 Jul 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 336

Upamāna (comparison or analogy) is recognized as one of the important means of valid knowledge (Pramāṇa) in Indian epistemology. It refers to the knowledge of an unknown object through its similarity with a known object. The classical example is that of a person who has never seen a gavaya (wild ox). After being told that it resembles a cow, when he later encounters the animal in a forest, he recognizes it as the gavaya through comparison. The question is whether such knowledge is independent or reducible to

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