IGNOU MPYE 3 2026 2027 - Do you think that Upamana (Comparison) is an independent source of val

Question

Do you think that Upamana (Comparison) is an independent source of valid knowledge? Give reasons.

04 Jul 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 270

Upamāna (comparison or analogy) is recognized in several Indian philosophical systems as a pramāṇa, or valid means of knowledge. The central question is whether it is an independent source of knowledge or whether it can be reduced to other pramāṇas such as perception, inference, or verbal testimony. The Nyāya school accepts Upamāna as an independent pramāṇa. According to Nyāya, Upamāna generates knowledge

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