Sex and gender are two distinct but interrelated concepts that are central to the study of the sociology of gender. While these terms are often used interchangeably in everyday language, sociological analysis emphasizes their differences to understand how biological characteristics and social processes shape human identity, roles, and inequalities. Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that distinguish males, females, and intersex individuals. These characteristics include chromosomes, reproductive organs, hormones, and secondary sexual features such as body hair, voice, and breast development. Biological sex is generally assigned at birth based on observable physical characteristics. Although sex is rooted in biology, medical science recognizes that biological variations exist, and not all individuals fit neatly into the categories of male or female. Gender, on the other hand, is a social and cultural construct that refers to the roles, behaviors, expectations, identities, and responsibilities that society assigns to individuals based on their perceived sex. Gender is learned through the process of socialization and varies across societies and historical periods. It influences how people are expected to dress, behave, speak, work, and interact with others. Unlike sex, gender is not biologically determined but socially created and maintained through institutions such as the family, education, religion, media, and the workplace. The