Intelligence is one of the most widely studied concepts in psychology and refers to the capacity to learn from experience, think rationally, solve problems, adapt to new situations, and use knowledge effectively. Different psychologists have proposed various theories to explain the nature, structure, and functioning of intelligence. These theories differ in their assumptions regarding whether intelligence is a single general ability, a collection of multiple abilities, or a set of independent capacities. The earliest and most influential theory was proposed by Charles Spearman, who developed the Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence. According to Spearman, intelligence consists of two components: a general factor (g) and specific factors (s). The general factor represents a person's overall mental ability that influences performance across different intellectual tasks. The specific factors are abilities unique to particular tasks, such as mathematical reasoning, language skills, or artistic talent. Spearman argued that success in any intellectual activity depends on both the general intelligence and the specific abilities required for that task. Louis Thurstone challenged Spearman's view and proposed the Primary Mental Abilities Theory. He argued that intelligence is not a single general ability but consists of several independent mental abilities. These include verbal comprehension, word fluency, numerical ability, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning. According to Thurstone, individuals may excel in one ability while performing moderately in others, making intelligence multidimensional. Edward Thorndike proposed the Multifactor Theory of Intelligence, which suggested