The functional landscape of urban areas refers to the spatial arrangement of different economic, social, cultural, administrative, and residential activities within a city. It reflects how urban space is organized to perform various functions that support the daily life, growth, and development of the population. The functional landscape is dynamic and changes over time due to industrialization, technological advancement, population growth, economic restructuring, and urban planning. Population and Settlement Geography studies these functional divisions to understand urban structure, land use, and human interaction within cities. The central business district (CBD) is the most significant functional zone in almost every city. It serves as the commercial and financial heart of the urban area, containing offices, banks, shopping complexes, hotels, entertainment centres, and corporate headquarters. The CBD has the highest land values and building density because of intense economic activities and accessibility. It attracts large numbers of commuters and visitors every day. Residential areas constitute another major component of the functional landscape. These areas vary according to income levels, housing types, and social characteristics. High-income residential zones generally have planned layouts, better infrastructure, parks, and open spaces, while middle-income neighbourhoods provide balanced residential facilities. Low-income settlements and slums often develop near industrial zones or city fringes due to affordable land and employment opportunities. Residential segregation based on economic and social