Since 2001, urban housing and infrastructure policies in India have undergone significant transformation in response to rapid urbanization, increasing migration, expansion of metropolitan regions, and the growing demand for affordable housing and basic urban services. These policies have aimed to improve housing conditions, urban infrastructure, sanitation, transportation, and the overall quality of urban life. While substantial progress has been made, challenges related to implementation, inclusiveness, and sustainability continue to limit their effectiveness. The launch of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in 2005 marked a major shift in India's urban development strategy. It focused on improving urban infrastructure, governance reforms, water supply, sewerage, drainage, roads, public transport, and housing for the urban poor. The mission encouraged cities to adopt reforms such as property tax rationalization, e-governance, and improved financial management. It also promoted public-private partnerships for infrastructure development. However, the benefits were concentrated in larger cities, while many small and medium towns received limited attention. Delays in project implementation and inadequate institutional capacity reduced the mission's overall impact. The Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), launched in 2011, sought to create a slum-free India by promoting in-situ slum redevelopment and providing secure housing tenure to slum dwellers. Although the policy recognized the importance of integrating informal settlements into the formal urban system, its implementation remained limited due to complex land ownership issues, inadequate financial resources, and administrative delays. Consequently, RAY achieved only modest success before being replaced by subsequent schemes. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban), introduced in 2015, aimed to provide "Housing for All" through four major components: in-situ slum