Biodiversity conservation involves a range of approaches that reflect different philosophical, ecological, and socio-economic perspectives on how best to protect biological diversity. These approaches can broadly be categorized into in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, ecosystem-based approaches, community-based conservation, and policy-driven or legislative approaches, each with distinct advantages and limitations. In situ conservation focuses on protecting species within their natural habitats through the establishment of protected areas such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves. Examples include the Yellowstone National Park in the United States and the Kaziranga National Park in India, which safeguard large populations of megafauna like bison and one-horned rhinoceros respectively. The primary advantage of this approach is that it preserves entire ecosystems along with their ecological processes, allowing species to evolve naturally. It also maintains genetic diversity within wild populations. However, in situ conservation faces challenges such as habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, and insufficient funding and management capacity. Protected areas may become isolated “islands” surrounded by human-dominated landscapes, reducing their long-term effectiveness. Ex situ conservation involves the preservation of species outside their natural habitats, such as in