A hypothesis is a tentative, logical, and testable statement about the expected relationship between two or more variables. It is formulated before conducting a research study and serves as a guide for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. In research methodology, a hypothesis provides direction by translating the research problem into a specific proposition that can be empirically verified. It helps researchers focus on relevant facts, avoid unnecessary data collection, and establish a scientific basis for drawing conclusions. In ethical research, hypotheses must be developed objectively, based on existing theory, literature, or observations, rather than personal bias or manipulation to achieve desired outcomes. A hypothesis may be simple or complex, directional or non-directional, and null or alternative. The null hypothesis (H₀) states that there is no significant relationship or difference between variables, while the alternative hypothesis (H₁ or Ha) suggests that a significant relationship or difference exists. Statistical hypothesis testing is generally conducted by attempting