Open-access publishing has significantly transformed the traditional framework of copyright agreements in academic and scientific communication. Traditionally, scholarly publishing operated through a subscription-based model where authors transferred most or all copyright ownership to publishers. This arrangement allowed publishers to control the distribution, reproduction, and accessibility of research articles. However, the emergence of open-access publishing has introduced new approaches that emphasize wider availability of knowledge while creating changes in copyright management. In conventional publishing, authors often sign copyright transfer agreements that grant exclusive rights to publishers. These agreements limit authors’ ability to share their own research, reuse published materials, or distribute articles among wider audiences. Open-access publishing challenges this model by encouraging authors to retain copyright ownership while granting publishers or users specific permissions through licensing agreements. This shift promotes greater control for researchers over their intellectual contributions. A major development in open-access publishing is the use of Creative Commons licenses. These licenses provide a standardized method for defining how research works can be accessed, reused, modified, and distributed. For example, a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license allows others to use and adapt research materials as long as proper credit is given to