Question
Describe the significance of the role of ethical review boards and informed consent in research.
Answer :
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मानव प्रतिभागियों पर आधारित अनुसंधान में नैतिकता का पालन वैज्ञानिक गुणवत्ता, प्रतिभागियों के अधिकारों की सुरक्षा तथा समाज के विश्वास को बनाए रखने के लिए अत्यंत आवश्यक है। इसी उद्देश्य की पूर्ति में नैतिक समीक्षा बोर्ड (Ethical Review Boards/Institutional Ethics Committees) तथा सूचित सहमति (Informed Consent) की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। ये दोनों अनुसंधान को केवल कानूनी ही नहीं, बल्कि नैतिक रूप से भी स्वीकार्य बनाते हैं। नैतिक समीक्षा बोर्ड एक स्वतंत्र समिति होती है, जो किसी भी अनुसंधान परियोजना के प्रारम्भ से पूर्व उसके नैतिक पक्षों का मूल्यांकन करती है। यह समिति सामान्यतः चिकित्सा, सामाजिक विज्ञान, विधि, सांख्यिकी, नैतिक दर्शन तथा समुदाय के प्रतिनिधियों जैसे विभिन्न क्षेत्रों के विशेषज्ञों से मिलकर बनती है। इसका उद्देश्य यह सुनिश्चित करना होता है कि अनुसंधान से प्रतिभागियों के जीवन, स्वास्थ्य, गरिमा, गोपनीयता तथा अधिकारों को अनावश्यक जोखिम न पहुँचे। नैतिक समीक्षा बोर्ड अनुसंधान प्रस्ताव का मूल्यांकन करते समय जोखिम और लाभ का विश्लेषण करता है। यदि अनुसंधान से संभावित लाभ, संभावित जोखिमों की तुलना में
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