Human bio-cultural adaptation refers to the ways in which human beings adjust to environmental conditions through the combined influence of biological mechanisms and cultural practices. Unlike many other organisms, humans respond to environmental challenges not only through genetic and physiological adaptations but also through learned behaviours, technology, social institutions, economic activities, and cultural beliefs. Environmental anthropology studies this interaction between humans and their surroundings and therefore considers bio-cultural adaptation an important framework for understanding how populations survive and maintain their well-being under different ecological conditions. Human adaptation is multidimensional. Biological adaptation may involve genetic changes, physiological responses, and morphological characteristics that develop over generations or occur within an individual's lifetime. Cultural adaptation involves learned practices that help people cope with environmental pressures. These two dimensions are closely interconnected. Humans modify their environments through culture, while environmental conditions influence biological processes and cultural choices. Consequently, human adaptation is best understood as a continuous interaction between biology, culture, and ecology. One of the clearest examples of biological adaptation is adaptation to high altitude. Populations living for many generations in the Himalayas, Andes, and Ethiopian highlands have developed physiological characteristics that enable them to function under conditions of low atmospheric oxygen. Tibetan populations, for example, generally have adaptations such as increased ventilation and efficient oxygen utilization. Their bodies are able to maintain adequate oxygen supply without relying exclusively on extremely high haemoglobin concentrations. In contrast, Andean populations often show relatively higher haemoglobin levels and increased lung capacity. These differences demonstrate that human populations can develop distinct biological responses to similar environmental challenges. At the same time, high-altitude communities have developed cultural adaptations such as settlement patterns, agricultural practices, food systems, clothing, and housing suited to cold temperatures and difficult terrain. Cold environments provide another important example. Arctic populations, including Inuit communities, have traditionally adapted to extremely cold conditions through both biological