Ecosystems and biodiversity are central concepts in environmental anthropology because they help explain the complex relationship between human societies and the natural world. Environmental anthropology studies how people interact with their physical environments, how cultures shape ecological practices, and how environmental changes in turn influence human communities. From this perspective, ecosystems and biodiversity are not merely biological realities but are also connected with culture, economy, livelihood, knowledge, belief systems, politics, and social organization. An ecosystem is a dynamic system formed through the interaction of living organisms with one another and with the physical environment. It includes plants, animals, microorganisms, soil, water, air, climate, and the relationships among these components. Ecosystems may be natural, such as forests, rivers, wetlands, grasslands, oceans, and mountains, or strongly modified by humans, such as agricultural landscapes, grazing areas, plantations, and urban environments. Environmental anthropology emphasizes that human beings are themselves active components of ecosystems rather than separate from nature. Human activities such as agriculture, hunting, fishing, pastoralism, construction, and industrial production continuously influence ecological processes. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found on Earth. It includes diversity at three major levels: genetic diversity within species, species diversity among different organisms, and ecosystem diversity among different habitats and ecological systems. Biodiversity provides ecological stability and supports essential processes such as pollination, nutrient cycling, soil formation, water purification, carbon storage, and climate regulation. For human communities, biodiversity also provides food, medicines, fuel, fibres, construction materials, and other resources. Therefore, the loss of biodiversity has both ecological and social consequences. Environmental anthropology is particularly concerned with the ways in which different societies understand and use biodiversity. Human communities have developed diverse systems of environmental knowledge through long-term interaction with their surroundings. Indigenous and local communities often possess detailed knowledge of plants, animals, soils, water