Gender and work participation refer to the relationship between gender identities and the nature, extent, opportunities, and conditions of participation in economic activities. Work participation is not merely about employment but also includes unpaid domestic labour, care work, subsistence activities, and informal sector work. Gender plays a significant role in determining who performs what kind of work, under what conditions, and with what rewards. Social norms, cultural values, and institutional arrangements shape the division of labour between men and women, resulting in unequal access to employment, wages, and career advancement. Historically, patriarchal societies have assigned productive roles to men and reproductive and caregiving roles to women. Men have traditionally been viewed as breadwinners responsible for earning income, while women have been expected to perform household chores, childcare, and elder care. This sexual division of labour is socially constructed rather than biologically determined. Feminist scholars argue that these gender roles perpetuate inequality by limiting women's participation in the labour