Experimental research designs are used in educational research to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. True experimental design and quasi-experimental design differ mainly in the degree of control the researcher has over variables and the method of selecting and assigning participants. A true experimental design is characterized by three essential features: manipulation of the independent variable, control of extraneous variables, and random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups. Randomization ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group, which helps in achieving equivalence between groups and minimizes selection bias. Because of this high level of control, true experimental designs provide strong internal validity and allow confident conclusions about causality. These designs are commonly used when the researcher can control the research setting, such as in controlled classroom or laboratory situations. In contrast, a