Managerial functions refer to the basic activities performed by managers to achieve organisational objectives efficiently and effectively. Management is a continuous process in which managers coordinate human, financial, physical and informational resources. The major managerial functions are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning is the primary managerial function. It involves deciding in advance what is to be done, how it is to be done, when it is to be done and who should do it. Managers establish objectives, formulate strategies, develop policies and prepare action programmes. Planning reduces uncertainty, provides direction and helps organisations use resources efficiently. For example, a manager may prepare a production plan after estimating market demand. Organising involves arranging resources and activities in a systematic manner to achieve planned objectives. It includes identifying activities, grouping related activities, assigning responsibilities and establishing authority relationships. Through organising, work is divided among employees and coordination is established between different departments. An effective organisational structure prevents