Ethical review boards and informed consent are fundamental components of responsible research. They ensure that research involving human participants is conducted with respect for human dignity, safety, rights, and welfare while maintaining scientific integrity. Ethical principles guide researchers in balancing the pursuit of knowledge with the protection of participants from physical, psychological, social, legal, and economic harm. Ethical review boards, also known as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Ethics Committees, are independent bodies established to review, approve, monitor, and oversee research proposals involving human participants. Their primary objective is to ensure that research complies with established ethical guidelines, national regulations, and institutional policies before the study begins. One of the most significant roles of ethical review boards is the protection of research participants. They carefully evaluate whether the anticipated benefits of the research justify any potential risks. If risks outweigh expected benefits, the board may require modifications or reject the proposal. This process minimizes unnecessary harm and promotes participant welfare. Ethical review boards also examine the scientific validity of research. Poorly designed studies expose participants to risks without generating meaningful knowledge. Therefore, they assess whether the research methodology is appropriate, whether the sample size is adequate, and whether the proposed methods can effectively answer the research questions. Another important function is ensuring fairness in participant selection. Ethical review boards verify that vulnerable populations,