The Chalcolithic period, or Copper-Stone Age, represents a significant stage in prehistoric cultural development when communities used both stone and copper tools. In the Indian subcontinent, Chalcolithic cultures developed mainly during the third and second millennia BCE and are identified through their distinctive pottery, settlement patterns, subsistence practices, metal objects, burials and craft traditions. Three important Chalcolithic cultures are the Ahar-Banas, Malwa and Jorwe cultures. The Ahar-Banas Culture flourished mainly in southeastern Rajasthan, particularly in the valleys of the Banas and Berach rivers. Important sites include Ahar, Gilund and Balathal. The culture is generally dated to the third and early second millennium BCE. Archaeological excavations reveal settlements with mud structures, stone foundations and floors. A distinctive feature is the use of black-and-red ware with white painted designs. Copper was extensively used for tools and ornaments, reflecting the availability of copper resources in the Aravalli region. Objects such as axes, fishhooks, bangles and other implements have been recovered. The inhabitants practised agriculture and animal husbandry, cultivating crops such as wheat and barley and keeping cattle,