Question
Define somaclonal and gametoclonal variations and differentiate between the two.
Answer :
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Somaclonal variation refers to the genetic variations observed in plants that are produced through plant tissue culture, particularly from somatic cells. These variations arise spontaneously due to mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, or epigenetic changes during the process of callus formation, cell proliferation, or regeneration in vitro. Somaclonal variation can result in changes in morphology, physiology, or biochemistry of the regenerated plants. It is widely utilized in plant breeding programs to generate new traits such as disease resistance, improved yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Gametoclonal variation, on the other hand, occurs in plants regenerated from gametic cells, such as haploid
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