Peace building is a complex and multidimensional process that aims to establish durable peace in societies emerging from conflict, addressing both immediate security concerns and long-term structural issues. While the concept of peace building is widely promoted in international relations and conflict management literature, its practical implementation faces significant structural challenges that can hinder its effectiveness. These structural challenges are deeply embedded in political, economic, social, and institutional frameworks, often requiring a nuanced understanding of the local context, historical grievances, and systemic inequalities. One of the primary structural challenges to peace building is weak governance and fragile political institutions. In post-conflict societies, state institutions are often weakened by prolonged conflict, corruption, or authoritarian legacies. Weak governance limits the capacity of the state to enforce the rule of law, provide essential services, and maintain public trust. This fragility can result in a power vacuum, allowing non-state actors, insurgent groups, or criminal organizations to exert influence, thereby undermining peace efforts. Moreover, political institutions in such contexts may be heavily centralized, exclusionary, or dominated by elites who resist reforms that could lead to more equitable governance, creating structural barriers to inclusive peace building. Economic inequality and underdevelopment constitute another significant structural challenge. Socioeconomic disparities, unemployment, and lack of access to resources can exacerbate grievances and perpetuate cycles of violence. Peace building efforts that ignore the economic dimensions of conflict are likely to fail because poverty and marginalization often drive individuals and communities toward rebellion or criminal activities. Structural economic issues, such as land tenure disputes, unequal distribution of natural resources, and inadequate infrastructure, require systemic interventions, including equitable economic policies and sustainable development programs, which are often difficult to implement in fragile post-conflict settings. Social fragmentation and identity-based divisions present additional structural obstacles. Conflicts are frequently rooted in ethnic, religious, or cultural cleavages, which are