IGNOU MZO 002 2026 - Compare direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA techniques,

Question

Compare direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA techniques, their principles, advantages, and applications.

29 Jan 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 305

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a widely used immunological technique to detect and quantify antigens or antibodies in a sample. Direct ELISA involves the attachment of an antigen to the solid surface, followed by detection using an enzyme-conjugated primary antibody specific to the antigen. Its principle is simple, involving a single antibody-antigen interaction, which reduces time and steps. Advantages include rapidity and reduced cross-reactivity, but it lacks signal amplification and sensitivity. Direct ELISA is commonly applied in research for detecting specific proteins in purified samples. Indirect ELISA uses an unlabeled primary antibody to bind the antigen, followed by an enzyme-linked secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody. This increases sensitivity due to signal amplification and allows flexibility since a single secondary antibody

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