Fundamentalism and communalism are two significant concepts studied in the sociology of religion as they influence social relations, identities, and political behaviour. Although both are related to religion and involve strong attachments to religious beliefs, they differ in their origins, objectives, and social consequences. Fundamentalism mainly refers to a strict and rigid interpretation of religious doctrines, while communalism refers to the use of religious identity as a basis for social and political division. Fundamentalism is a religious ideology that emphasizes a return to the basic or original principles of a faith. Fundamentalists believe that religious texts and traditions should be followed exactly and often reject modern interpretations or changes in religious practices. It arises when individuals or groups feel that their religious values are threatened by social, cultural, or political transformations. Fundamentalism can exist in different religious traditions and is often characterized by a strong belief in religious purity, authority of scriptures, and resistance to secular influences. Communalism, on the other hand, is primarily a social and political phenomenon in which people identify themselves mainly through their religious community and view the interests of their religious group as separate from or opposed to those of other communities. It often