a) Diagnosis of pregnancy involves confirming the presence of a developing embryo or fetus in the uterus. Clinically, it is suspected with missed periods, nausea, breast tenderness, and fatigue. Physical examination may reveal softening of the cervix (Goodell sign), uterine enlargement, and changes in the uterus (Hegar sign). Laboratory tests include detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in blood or urine, which is highly sensitive and can confirm pregnancy as early as 10 days after conception. Ultrasound provides definitive evidence, showing gestational sac, yolk sac, and fetal heartbeat, and is crucial for dating pregnancy and detecting ectopic pregnancies. b) Anaemia in pregnancy is a common complication, mainly due to iron deficiency, folate deficiency, or hemoglobinopathies. It presents with fatigue, pallor, and dizziness, and is diagnosed using hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Management includes dietary supplementation of iron and folic acid, treating underlying causes, and in severe cases, blood transfusion. Prevention through antenatal care and nutrition is essential for maternal and fetal well-being, reducing risks of preterm birth, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality. c) Medical disorders complicating pregnancy include hypertension, diabetes, thyroid disorders, cardiac diseases, and autoimmune conditions. These disorders increase maternal and fetal risks, including preeclampsia, miscarriage, growth restriction, and maternal morbidity. Management involves careful monitoring, optimizing medications safe in pregnancy, and coordinating care between obstetricians and specialists to prevent complications while ensuring fetal growth and maternal safety. d) Medical