In sociology, the concept of dysfunction refers to the negative consequences or adverse effects of a social structure, institution, cultural practice, or pattern of behavior on the stability, integration, and effective functioning of society. The concept is closely associated with structural functionalism, particularly the work of Robert K. Merton, who refined earlier functionalist ideas by recognizing that not all aspects of society contribute positively to social order. While functions promote adaptation and social equilibrium, dysfunctions create obstacles, tensions, conflicts, and disorganization that hinder the achievement of social goals. The idea of dysfunction emerged as a critique of the classical functionalist assumption that every social institution necessarily serves beneficial purposes. Merton argued that social phenomena often produce both functional and dysfunctional consequences simultaneously. An institution that benefits one section of society may create disadvantages for another. Thus, dysfunction highlights the complex and contradictory nature of social life. Dysfunctions may arise in different forms. A social institution may fail to perform its intended role, resulting in inefficiency or instability. It may also generate unintended harmful consequences. For example, the education system performs the function of transmitting knowledge and skills, but excessive competition, examination stress, and unequal access to quality education are dysfunctional consequences that affect students' well-being and reinforce social inequalities. Family, another major social institution, performs functions such as socialization, emotional support, and regulation of reproduction. However, domestic