The hippocampus is a bilateral, seahorse-shaped structure located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It is one of the most important components of the limbic system and plays a central role in learning and memory. Research in cognitive psychology and neuroscience has established that the hippocampus is essential for the formation, organization, consolidation, and retrieval of certain types of memories, particularly declarative memories. Although it is not the permanent storage site for memories, it serves as a critical gateway through which newly acquired information is processed before being distributed to different areas of the cerebral cortex for long-term storage. One of the primary functions of the hippocampus is the formation of new episodic memories. Episodic memory refers to the recollection of personal experiences, including the time, place, and context in which they occurred. For example, remembering a birthday celebration, a classroom lecture, or a recent vacation depends heavily on the proper functioning of the hippocampus. Damage to this structure severely impairs the ability to create new episodic memories, a condition known as anterograde amnesia. The hippocampus is also crucial for declarative memory, which includes both episodic memory and semantic memory. Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts, concepts, and meanings that are not tied to specific personal experiences. While semantic memories eventually become stored in distributed cortical networks, the hippocampus is necessary during the initial stages of their acquisition and consolidation. Memory consolidation is another major function of the hippocampus. Consolidation is the process by which newly learned information is stabilized and transformed into long-term memory. According to the standard model of memory consolidation, experiences are initially encoded in the