Ecology and environment are closely related concepts that together explain the interactions between living organisms and their surroundings. While environment refers to the totality of external conditions that influence the life, growth, development, and survival of organisms, ecology is the scientific study of the relationships among organisms and between organisms and their environment. Thus, ecology provides the principles and mechanisms through which the environment functions, while the environment forms the setting within which ecological interactions occur. The environment consists of both biotic and abiotic components. Biotic components include plants, animals, microorganisms, and humans, whereas abiotic components comprise air, water, soil, sunlight, temperature, minerals, and climate. These components interact continuously to create conditions that support life. Ecology examines these interactions and seeks to understand how organisms adapt to environmental conditions and influence them in return. The relationship between ecology and environment is dynamic and reciprocal. The environment determines the availability of resources such as food, water, shelter, and nutrients, thereby influencing the distribution, abundance, and diversity of living organisms. At the same time, organisms modify their environment through various biological processes. For example, green plants release oxygen during photosynthesis,