Environmental legislations are legal instruments enacted to protect, conserve, and improve the quality of the environment while ensuring sustainable development. In India, environmental laws have evolved significantly after the Stockholm Conference of 1972 and have been strengthened through constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, and international commitments. The Constitution of India provides the foundation for environmental protection. Article 48A, inserted through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment, directs the State to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Article 51A(g) makes it a fundamental duty of every citizen to protect the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures. Article 21, interpreted by the Supreme Court, recognizes the right to a clean and healthy environment as an integral part of the right to life. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was the first major legislation aimed at preventing and controlling water pollution. It established the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), empowered them to monitor water quality, regulate discharge of pollutants, and enforce pollution control standards. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, introduced a cess on industries and local authorities consuming large quantities of water to encourage efficient water use and finance pollution control activities. Though later repealed, it played an important role in supporting pollution management. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, was enacted to check rapid deforestation and regulate the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. It requires prior approval of the Central Government before forest land can be diverted and promotes compensatory afforestation to offset forest loss. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, aims to prevent, control, and reduce air