Question
Analyze colonialism in India and English language policy.
Answer :
Word Count : 710
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Colonialism in India was not merely a system of political domination and economic exploitation but also a project of cultural and linguistic transformation. Language became one of the most effective tools through which colonial authority was established, legitimized, and sustained. From the perspective of *Anuvad ki Rajniti* (Politics of Translation), the English language policy in colonial India reveals how translation, language selection, and educational reforms functioned as instruments of power, shaping knowledge, identity, and social hierarchies. Before British rule, India was characterized by multilingualism, with Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and numerous regional languages serving different administrative, literary, and educational purposes. The East India Company initially adopted an Orientalist approach, supporting the study of classical Indian languages and encouraging the translation of legal and religious texts for administrative convenience. Institutions such as Fort William College became important centers for translating Indian texts into English and European works into Indian languages. These translations, however, were often guided by colonial interests rather than genuine cultural exchange. A significant shift occurred with Thomas Babington Macaulay’s Minute on Indian Education (1835). Macaulay argued that English was superior to Indian languages in terms of literature, science, and philosophy. His objective was to create "a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, opinions, morals, and intellect." Lord William Bentinck accepted this recommendation, making English the principal medium of higher education. This policy established English as the language of administration, law, higher learning, and elite employment. From the perspective of the politics of translation, the English language policy was not neutral. Translation became a selective process in which Indian knowledge was interpreted, categorized, and represented according to colonial frameworks. Colonial translators
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