Question
स्थायी बंदोबस्त की प्रकृति क्या थी? चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1269
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स्थायी बंदोबस्त ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी द्वारा बंगाल, बिहार और उड़ीसा के कुछ क्षेत्रों में भू-राजस्व व्यवस्था को व्यवस्थित करने के उद्देश्य से लागू की गई एक महत्वपूर्ण औपनिवेशिक भूमि-व्यवस्था थी। इसे 1793 में लॉर्ड कॉर्नवालिस के शासनकाल में लागू किया गया। इसकी पृष्ठभूमि 1765 में कंपनी को बंगाल, बिहार और उड़ीसा की दीवानी प्राप्त होने तथा उसके बाद भूमि-राजस्व से अधिकाधिक आय प्राप्त करने की ब्रिटिश आवश्यकता से जुड़ी थी। 1770 के दशक और 1780 के दशक में कंपनी ने विभिन्न प्रकार की राजस्व व्यवस्थाओं का प्रयोग किया, लेकिन राजस्व की अनिश्चितता और प्रशासनिक कठिनाइयों के कारण एक स्थायी व्यवस्था की आवश्यकता महसूस की गई। इसी क्रम में 1793 का स्थायी बंदोबस्त अस्तित्व में आया। स्थायी बंदोबस्त की सबसे प्रमुख विशेषता यह थी कि सरकार द्वारा जमींदारों से वसूले जाने वाले भूमि-राजस्व की राशि को स्थायी रूप से निश्चित कर दिया गया। इसका अर्थ था कि भविष्य में कृषि उत्पादन या भूमि की कीमत में वृद्धि होने पर भी सरकार द्वारा निर्धारित राजस्व की राशि में वृद्धि नहीं की जाएगी। इस व्यवस्था के अंतर्गत जमींदारों को सरकार और किसानों के बीच मध्यस्थ के रूप में स्थापित किया गया। उन्हें भूमि का स्वामी अथवा भूमिधर जैसा अधिकार प्रदान किया गया, जबकि वास्तविक खेती करने वाले किसानों के अधिकार अपेक्षाकृत कमजोर रहे। इस व्यवस्था को लागू करने का एक प्रमुख उद्देश्य ब्रिटिश सरकार के लिए निश्चित और नियमित राजस्व सुनिश्चित करना था। स्थायी बंदोबस्त के अंतर्गत जमींदारों को एक निश्चित तिथि तक सरकार को निर्धारित राजस्व देना पड़ता था। यदि कोई जमींदार निर्धारित समय पर राजस्व जमा नहीं कर पाता था, तो उसकी जमींदारी को नीलाम किया जा सकता था। इस कठोर नियम ने जमींदारों पर सरकार के प्रति वित्तीय अनुशासन बनाए रखने का दबाव डाला। कंपनी को विश्वास था कि निश्चित राजस्व के कारण जमींदार कृषि सुधारों में निवेश करेंगे और भूमि की उत्पादकता बढ़ाएँगे।
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