Question
उपयोगितावादियों के मुख्य विचार क्या थे? चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1360
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उपयोगितावादियों के मुख्य विचार क्या थे? चर्चा कीजिए। उपयोगितावाद उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के आरंभ में ब्रिटेन में विकसित एक महत्वपूर्ण बौद्धिक और राजनीतिक विचारधारा थी, जिसने भारत में ब्रिटिश शासन की नीतियों और प्रशासनिक सुधारों को भी गहराई से प्रभावित किया। उपयोगितावाद का मूल आधार यह था कि किसी भी संस्था, कानून या नीति का मूल्यांकन इस आधार पर किया जाना चाहिए कि वह अधिकतम लोगों को कितना सुख और लाभ प्रदान करती है। इस विचारधारा का प्रमुख सूत्र था—“अधिकतम लोगों का अधिकतम सुख।” जेरेमी बेंथम इसके प्रमुख प्रवर्तक थे, जबकि जेम्स मिल और उनके पुत्र जॉन स्टुअर्ट मिल ने इसके सिद्धांतों को आगे विकसित किया। भारत के संदर्भ में विशेष रूप से जेम्स मिल का प्रभाव उल्लेखनीय था। उपयोगितावादियों ने भारतीय समाज, प्रशासन, कानून, शिक्षा और अर्थव्यवस्था को तर्क, उपयोगिता और सुधार की कसौटी पर परखने का प्रयास किया। जेरेमी बेंथम ने उपयोगितावाद का व्यवस्थित प्रतिपादन किया। उनके अनुसार मनुष्य के व्यवहार को सुख और दुःख नियंत्रित करते हैं। इसलिए राज्य और कानून का उद्देश्य ऐसा वातावरण बनाना होना चाहिए जिसमें अधिक से अधिक लोगों को अधिकतम सुख प्राप्त हो। बेंथम ने परंपरा, रूढ़ि और धार्मिक अधिकार को किसी संस्था की वैधता का पर्याप्त आधार नहीं माना। उनका विश्वास था कि प्रत्येक कानून और सामाजिक व्यवस्था को उसकी उपयोगिता के आधार पर परखा जाना चाहिए। यदि कोई कानून समाज के हित में नहीं है, तो केवल इसलिए उसे बनाए रखना उचित नहीं है कि वह पुराना है। इस प्रकार उपयोगितावाद ने तर्क, अनुभव और व्यावहारिक परिणामों को सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक व्यवस्था के मूल्यांकन का आधार बनाया। उपयोगितावादियों का एक प्रमुख विचार व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता और कानूनी समानता था। वे जन्म, जाति, विशेषाधिकार और वंश के आधार पर प्राप्त अधिकारों के आलोचक थे। उनके अनुसार कानून की दृष्टि में व्यक्तियों के साथ समान व्यवहार होना चाहिए। विशेषाधिकार प्राप्त वर्गों को केवल परंपरा के आधार पर अतिरिक्त अधिकार देना उपयोगिता के सिद्धांत के विरुद्ध था। इसलिए वे ऐसी प्रशासनिक और कानूनी व्यवस्था चाहते थे जिसमें स्पष्ट नियम हों तथा
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