Question
सत्ता का हस्तांतरण
Answer :
Word Count : 1285
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भारत में सत्ता का हस्तांतरण ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक शासन के अंत और स्वतंत्र भारत के उदय की एक लंबी तथा जटिल ऐतिहासिक प्रक्रिया थी। 1947 में ब्रिटिश सत्ता का भारत से समाप्त होना अचानक घटित घटना नहीं थी, बल्कि इसके पीछे लगभग दो शताब्दियों के औपनिवेशिक शासन, भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद के विकास, स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन, द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के प्रभाव, ब्रिटिश आर्थिक कमजोरी, साम्प्रदायिक राजनीति और भारतीय नेताओं के निरंतर संघर्ष की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका थी। सत्ता हस्तांतरण की प्रक्रिया को समझने के लिए 1857 के विद्रोह से लेकर 1947 के भारतीय स्वतंत्रता अधिनियम तक की घटनाओं को परस्पर जोड़कर देखना आवश्यक है। ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी ने 18वीं शताब्दी में सैन्य और राजनीतिक विस्तार के माध्यम से भारत के बड़े हिस्से पर अपना नियंत्रण स्थापित किया। प्लासी (1757) और बक्सर (1764) के युद्धों के बाद कंपनी की राजनीतिक शक्ति तेजी से बढ़ी। 1857 के विद्रोह ने कंपनी के शासन की कमजोरियों को उजागर किया। इसके बाद 1858 के भारत शासन अधिनियम द्वारा भारत का शासन सीधे ब्रिटिश क्राउन के अधीन कर दिया गया। इस प्रकार कंपनी का शासन समाप्त हुआ और ब्रिटिश सरकार ने भारत के प्रशासन की प्रत्यक्ष जिम्मेदारी संभाली। यद्यपि यह स्वयं सत्ता का हस्तांतरण नहीं था, लेकिन इसने औपनिवेशिक शासन की संरचना में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन किया। 19वीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में आधुनिक भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद का विकास हुआ। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की स्थापना 1885 में हुई और उसने प्रारंभ में संवैधानिक सुधारों तथा प्रशासन में भारतीयों की भागीदारी की मांग की। धीरे-धीरे कांग्रेस का उद्देश्य राजनीतिक स्वशासन और अंततः पूर्ण स्वतंत्रता की ओर बढ़ा। बंगाल विभाजन, स्वदेशी आंदोलन, क्रांतिकारी गतिविधियों और प्रथम विश्व युद्ध के बाद उत्पन्न राजनीतिक परिस्थितियों ने भारतीय राष्ट्रवाद को व्यापक जनाधार प्रदान किया। महात्मा गांधी के नेतृत्व में राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन एक जन आंदोलन में बदल गया। असहयोग आंदोलन (1920-22), सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन (1930-34) और भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन (1942) ने ब्रिटिश शासन की वैधता को गंभीर चुनौती
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