Question
विजयनगर राजशाही के राज्य गठन की प्रकृति पर चर्चा कीजिए
Answer :
Word Count : 1340
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विजयनगर राजशाही का राज्य गठन दक्षिण भारत के मध्यकालीन इतिहास की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण प्रक्रिया थी, जिसने राजनीतिक सत्ता, कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था, सामाजिक संरचना, धार्मिक संस्थाओं तथा प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण के बीच गहरे संबंध स्थापित किए। 1336 ई. के आसपास हरिहर और बुक्का द्वारा स्थापित विजयनगर साम्राज्य ने तुंगभद्रा नदी के क्षेत्र से अपनी शक्ति का विस्तार किया और धीरे-धीरे दक्षिण भारत के एक विशाल भूभाग पर अपना प्रभुत्व स्थापित किया। विजयनगर राज्य का निर्माण केवल सैन्य विजय या किसी एक शासक की राजनीतिक महत्वाकांक्षा का परिणाम नहीं था, बल्कि यह स्थानीय राजनीतिक शक्तियों, कृषि विस्तार, सिंचाई व्यवस्था, मंदिर संस्थाओं, व्यापारिक नेटवर्क और विभिन्न सामाजिक समूहों के समायोजन की जटिल प्रक्रिया थी। पर्यावरणीय इतिहास की दृष्टि से इसका अध्ययन विशेष रूप से महत्त्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि राज्य की शक्ति का आधार भूमि, जल, वन और कृषि संसाधनों पर नियंत्रण था। विजयनगर राज्य के गठन की प्रकृति को समझने के लिए उसके भौगोलिक परिवेश को ध्यान में रखना आवश्यक है। विजयनगर की राजधानी हम्पी तुंगभद्रा नदी के किनारे स्थित थी। यह क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक रूप से पहाड़ियों, चट्टानी भू-आकृतियों और नदी घाटी से घिरा हुआ था। इस भौगोलिक स्थिति ने राजधानी को प्राकृतिक सुरक्षा प्रदान की। साथ ही, तुंगभद्रा का जल कृषि, पेयजल और शहरी आवश्यकताओं के लिए अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण था। राज्य के विस्तार के साथ नदी और उसकी सहायक धाराओं के जल का उपयोग करने के लिए नहरों, बाँधों, जलाशयों और तालाबों का निर्माण किया गया। इस प्रकार विजयनगर का राज्य गठन प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के सुनियोजित उपयोग से गहराई से जुड़ा हुआ था। विजयनगर साम्राज्य के उदय में कृषि का केंद्रीय स्थान था। राज्य को स्थायी राजस्व प्राप्त करने के लिए कृषि उत्पादन का विस्तार आवश्यक था। दक्षिण भारत के अनेक क्षेत्रों में जंगलों और अनुपयोगी मानी जाने वाली भूमि को कृषि योग्य बनाया गया। नई बस्तियों की स्थापना हुई और सिंचाई सुविधाओं के विकास से धान, गन्ना तथा अन्य फसलों की खेती
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