Question
केंद्रीय व पश्चिमी हिमालयों की राजव्यवस्थाओं पर एक लेख लिखिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1516
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हिमालय केवल एक भौगोलिक पर्वत-श्रेणी नहीं था, बल्कि यहाँ की राजव्यवस्थाएँ प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण, पर्वतीय भूगोल, जलस्रोतों, वन-संपदा, कृषि, पशुपालन तथा व्यापारिक मार्गों से गहराई से जुड़ी हुई थीं। केंद्रीय और पश्चिमी हिमालय में प्राचीन एवं मध्यकालीन समय से अनेक छोटे-बड़े राज्य और स्थानीय राजवंश विकसित हुए। दुर्गम पर्वतीय भूभाग, गहरी घाटियाँ, तीव्र ढाल, नदियाँ और सीमित कृषि योग्य भूमि ने यहाँ की राजनीतिक संस्थाओं के स्वरूप को मैदानी क्षेत्रों से अलग बनाया। यहाँ सामान्यतः छोटे-छोटे राज्य, रियासतें और स्थानीय सत्ता-केंद्र विकसित हुए, जिनका प्रशासन प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और स्थानीय समुदायों के सहयोग पर निर्भर था। केंद्रीय हिमालय के अंतर्गत मुख्यतः उत्तराखंड का गढ़वाल और कुमाऊँ क्षेत्र तथा इसके आसपास के पर्वतीय भूभाग आते हैं। पश्चिमी हिमालय में वर्तमान हिमाचल प्रदेश, जम्मू-कश्मीर और उससे लगे पर्वतीय क्षेत्र प्रमुख थे। इन क्षेत्रों में विभिन्न राजवंशों ने अलग-अलग समय में शासन किया। इनके राजनीतिक इतिहास में स्थानीय राजाओं, सामंतों, ग्राम समुदायों, धार्मिक संस्थाओं तथा व्यापारिक वर्गों की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रही। कुमाऊँ क्षेत्र में चंद राजवंश की सत्ता विशेष रूप से उल्लेखनीय थी। प्रारंभिक काल में यहाँ अनेक स्थानीय शक्तियाँ सक्रिय थीं, किंतु समय के साथ चंद शासकों ने कुमाऊँ के बड़े हिस्से को अपने नियंत्रण में संगठित किया। चंदों की राजधानी पहले चंपावत और बाद में अल्मोड़ा बनी। पर्वतीय परिस्थितियों के कारण प्रशासन का संगठन घाटियों और स्थानीय बस्तियों के आधार पर किया गया। राजा सर्वोच्च राजनीतिक शक्ति था, लेकिन दूर-दराज के क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय अधिकारियों और सामंतों की भूमिका महत्वपूर्ण थी। राजस्व मुख्यतः कृषि, पशुपालन, वन-संसाधनों तथा व्यापार से प्राप्त होता था। भूमि की सीमित उपलब्धता के कारण कृषि का स्वरूप छोटे खेतों और सीढ़ीदार खेती पर आधारित था। इस प्रकार राजनीतिक व्यवस्था का आर्थिक आधार सीधे पर्वतीय पर्यावरण से जुड़ा हुआ था। गढ़वाल में प्रारंभ में अनेक छोटे-छोटे गढ़ या स्थानीय दुर्ग-आधारित सत्ता केंद्र थे। इसी कारण इस क्षेत्र को गढ़वाल कहा गया। परंपरा के
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