Question
महामारी विज्ञान को परिभाषित कीजिए। इसके उपयोगों तथा उपागमों की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1222
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महामारी विज्ञान (Epidemiology) सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य की एक महत्वपूर्ण शाखा है, जो जनसंख्या में रोगों, स्वास्थ्य संबंधी अवस्थाओं तथा उनसे जुड़े निर्धारकों के वितरण और कारणों का वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन करती है। यह केवल रोगों की पहचान तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह समझने का प्रयास करती है कि कोई रोग किस व्यक्ति, स्थान और समय में अधिक या कम पाया जाता है तथा उसके पीछे कौन-से जैविक, सामाजिक, पर्यावरणीय और व्यवहारगत कारक कार्य कर रहे हैं। महामारी विज्ञान का प्रमुख उद्देश्य प्राप्त वैज्ञानिक ज्ञान का उपयोग रोगों की रोकथाम, नियंत्रण तथा स्वास्थ्य को बढ़ावा देने के लिए करना है। महामारी विज्ञान शब्द की उत्पत्ति यूनानी शब्दों से मानी जाती है, जिनमें ‘एपी’ का अर्थ है ऊपर या बीच, ‘डेमोस’ का अर्थ है जनसंख्या और ‘लोगोस’ का अर्थ अध्ययन। आधुनिक अर्थ में महामारी विज्ञान का संबंध पूरी जनसंख्या में स्वास्थ्य एवं रोग की घटनाओं के अध्ययन से है। जॉन एम. लास्ट के अनुसार, महामारी विज्ञान जनसंख्या में स्वास्थ्य-संबंधी अवस्थाओं या घटनाओं के वितरण तथा उनके निर्धारकों के अध्ययन और इस अध्ययन के स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं के नियंत्रण के लिए उपयोग का विज्ञान है। इस परिभाषा में चार महत्वपूर्ण तत्व शामिल हैं—जनसंख्या, वितरण, निर्धारक और स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं के नियंत्रण में ज्ञान का उपयोग। महामारी विज्ञान में ‘वितरण’ से आशय यह जानना है कि कोई रोग या स्वास्थ्य घटना किन लोगों में, किस स्थान पर और किस समय अधिक या कम पाई जाती है। व्यक्ति के संदर्भ में आयु, लिंग, व्यवसाय, शिक्षा, सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति तथा जीवनशैली जैसे कारकों का अध्ययन किया जाता है। स्थान के संदर्भ में ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों, विभिन्न राज्यों या देशों तथा अलग-अलग पर्यावरणीय परिस्थितियों में रोग की स्थिति की
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