Question
प्रमुख असंचारी रोगों तथा उनके जोखिम कारकों का विस्तार से वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1079
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असंचारी रोग (Non-Communicable Diseases—NCDs) वे रोग हैं जो सामान्यतः एक व्यक्ति से दूसरे व्यक्ति में सीधे संक्रमित नहीं होते और प्रायः लंबे समय तक बने रहते हैं। इनका विकास धीरे-धीरे होता है तथा इनके पीछे आनुवंशिक, शारीरिक, व्यवहारगत, सामाजिक और पर्यावरणीय कारकों का संयुक्त प्रभाव होता है। वर्तमान समय में असंचारी रोग विश्वभर में मृत्यु, विकलांगता और स्वास्थ्य-व्यय के प्रमुख कारण बन चुके हैं। भारत में भी जनसंख्या की बढ़ती आयु, शहरीकरण, बदलती जीवनशैली, अस्वास्थ्यकर खान-पान और शारीरिक निष्क्रियता के कारण इन रोगों का भार निरंतर बढ़ रहा है। प्रमुख असंचारी रोगों में हृदय एवं रक्तवाहिका संबंधी रोग, कैंसर, मधुमेह और दीर्घकालिक श्वसन रोग विशेष रूप से महत्वपूर्ण हैं। हृदय एवं रक्तवाहिका संबंधी रोगों में कोरोनरी हृदय रोग, हृदयाघात, स्ट्रोक तथा उच्च रक्तचाप से संबंधित जटिलताएँ प्रमुख हैं। ये रोग हृदय और रक्तवाहिकाओं की संरचना तथा कार्य को प्रभावित करते हैं। कोरोनरी धमनियों में वसा और अन्य पदार्थों के जमाव से रक्त प्रवाह कम हो सकता है, जिससे एनजाइना या हृदयाघात की स्थिति उत्पन्न होती है। इसी प्रकार मस्तिष्क की रक्तवाहिका में अवरोध या उसके फटने से स्ट्रोक हो सकता है। उच्च रक्तचाप इन रोगों का एक महत्वपूर्ण जोखिम कारक है। इसके अतिरिक्त तंबाकू सेवन, धूम्रपान, अत्यधिक नमक और संतृप्त वसा का सेवन, मोटापा, शारीरिक निष्क्रियता, मधुमेह, उच्च रक्त कोलेस्ट्रॉल, अत्यधिक शराब सेवन, तनाव तथा पारिवारिक इतिहास भी हृदय रोगों के जोखिम को बढ़ाते हैं। बढ़ती आयु और पुरुष लिंग भी कुछ हृदय रोगों के जोखिम से जुड़े जैविक कारक हैं। कैंसर असामान्य कोशिकाओं की अनियंत्रित वृद्धि और
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