Question
भारत में उपलब्ध विभिन्न स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणालियों का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1848
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Skip in 10
भारत में स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणाली अत्यंत व्यापक, बहुस्तरीय तथा विविधतापूर्ण है। देश की विशाल जनसंख्या, भौगोलिक विविधता, सामाजिक-आर्थिक असमानताओं तथा विभिन्न प्रकार की स्वास्थ्य आवश्यकताओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनेक स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणालियों का विकास किया गया है। इन प्रणालियों का उद्देश्य प्रत्येक नागरिक को निवारक, उपचारात्मक, पुनर्वासात्मक तथा स्वास्थ्य संवर्धन संबंधी सेवाएँ उपलब्ध कराना है। भारत की स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणाली में सरकारी तथा निजी क्षेत्र के साथ-साथ पारंपरिक चिकित्सा पद्धतियाँ भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती हैं। वर्तमान समय में आधुनिक चिकित्सा प्रणाली के साथ आयुष, सामुदायिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, बीमा आधारित स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ तथा स्वैच्छिक संगठनों की भागीदारी ने स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं को अधिक व्यापक बनाया है। भारत में उपलब्ध स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणाली का प्रमुख आधार सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली है, जिसे केंद्र सरकार, राज्य सरकार तथा स्थानीय निकायों द्वारा संचालित किया जाता है। इस प्रणाली का मुख्य उद्देश्य सभी नागरिकों को सुलभ, किफायती तथा गुणवत्तापूर्ण स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ उपलब्ध कराना है। सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली में प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक तथा तृतीयक स्तर की स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ सम्मिलित हैं। यह प्रणाली विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण एवं आर्थिक रूप से कमजोर वर्गों की स्वास्थ्य आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ स्वास्थ्य-सेवा प्रणाली का प्रथम संपर्क बिंदु होती हैं। इनका उद्देश्य रोगों की रोकथाम, प्रारंभिक पहचान, सामान्य रोगों का उपचार, मातृ एवं शिशु स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, टीकाकरण, परिवार नियोजन, पोषण शिक्षा, स्वच्छता तथा स्वास्थ्य जागरूकता प्रदान करना है। प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के अंतर्गत स्वास्थ्य एवं कल्याण केंद्र, उप-स्वास्थ्य केंद्र तथा प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केंद्र कार्य करते हैं। स्वास्थ्य एवं कल्याण केंद्रों की स्थापना का उद्देश्य व्यापक प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ प्रदान करना है। इन केंद्रों में केवल संक्रामक रोगों का उपचार ही नहीं बल्कि मधुमेह, उच्च रक्तचाप, कैंसर की प्रारंभिक जाँच, मानसिक स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, वृद्धजन स्वास्थ्य, किशोर स्वास्थ्य तथा आवश्यक दवाओं की उपलब्धता भी सुनिश्चित की जाती है। आयुष्मान भारत कार्यक्रम के अंतर्गत इन केंद्रों को सुदृढ़ बनाया गया है। उप-स्वास्थ्य केंद्र ग्रामीण स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली की सबसे छोटी इकाई है। यह सामान्यतः पाँच हजार की जनसंख्या तथा जनजातीय एवं दुर्गम क्षेत्रों में लगभग तीन हजार की जनसंख्या को सेवाएँ प्रदान करता है। यहाँ सहायक नर्स प्रसूति कार्यकर्ता (एएनएम), बहुउद्देशीय स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ता तथा आशा कार्यकर्ता मिलकर टीकाकरण, गर्भवती महिलाओं की देखभाल, प्रसव पूर्व एवं प्रसवोत्तर सेवाएँ, नवजात शिशु देखभाल, परिवार नियोजन, रोग निगरानी तथा स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा का कार्य करती हैं। प्राथमिक स्वास्थ्य केंद्र प्राथमिक स्तर पर चिकित्सकीय सेवाओं का मुख्य केंद्र होता है। यह सामान्यतः लगभग तीस हजार
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