Question
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस में नरमपंथियों व गरमपंथियों के बीच अंतरों पर चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1240
_________ _________ ________ ____ _____ __________ _________.
_________ __________ _____ _____ _________ ___ ________.
__________ ________ ______ _____ _________ ________.
_________ _______ _____ ______ ___ _________ ________ ______.
______ __________ ___ __________ ___.
____ _____ ___ ________ __________ _______.
____ _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ________ __________.
____ ____ __________ ___ ______ ____ _________ ___.
_____ ___ ________ _____ __________ _________ ______.
__________ ______ ______ ______ _______ ________.
_________ ____ ___ ______ ____.
___ _________ ________ ____ _____ ____ _______ __________ ______ _______ ______ _________.
___ _____ _____ _____ ______ ___ __________ _________ ____ _____.
________ __________ _________ ________ ___ _______ _________.
___ __________ ____ ________ _______.
_________ __________ ____ ____ _______ __________ _________.
___ ______ _____ ________ ____.
__________ ____ ___ ______ ________ ________ _______ _______ _______ ________.
____ ____ ____ ________ __________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ______.
____ _____ __________ __________ ________ ____ _________ __________.
_______ ________ __________ _______ ______.
_________ ___ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____ ______.
_________ ________ ___ ___ __________ _______ ______ __________ ____ ___ ________ ___.
_____ ________ ______ _________ ________ _________.
_____ _______ ___ ___ __________ _____ ________ ____ _________ _____ ______.
___ _________ _________ __________ _______ _________ ____ ________ ________ _________ ____ ______.
______ ___ ___ __________ ___ ________ _____ ______ _________.
_______ ______ ____ ___ ________ ______ _________ ____.
_____ ______ ___ ___ ____ ___ _______ ____ ____ _______ _________.
______ _______ _________ ___ ____ _____ ______ _________ ________ __________ _________ _______.
________ ___ ______ ____ ___.
___ ______ ________ ___ _______.
______ ________ _____ __________ ______ _________ ___ ______.
_________ _____ _____ __________ ______ _________ ______.
_______ _____ ________ ____ _______ ____ ___ ______ ____ _________ _______.
_________ ________ __________ ___ __________ _______ _________ _________ _______ ______.
__________ _____ _____ _________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _______.
________ _________ _______ _______ _______ ____ ___ ___ ________ _______ ________.
___ ________ ________ ____ _______ ___.
____ _________ ________ _____ _____ ______.
_____ ___ _______ ____ _____ ________.
_______ _________ ______ __________ __________ ________.
_______ ___ _______ __________ __________.
____ _______ __________ _______ __________ _______ _____.
___ _______ _______ ______ _____ _____ __________.
_________ ______ _______ _________ _______ ______ _________.
_______ __________ _____ _______ _______ _______ __________ __________ _______ ______ _______ _____.
______ _____ ______ _____ ____ _________ ___ ______ _________ ____.
_____ _________ _____ ____ ____ _____ ______ _______ _______.
__________ ________ _________ _____ ____ ______ ____ ________.
__________ __________ ____ _____ ____ ___ ________ __________ ______ _____ ________.
______ ______ ________ ________ ___ ___ _______.
_______ ____ ______ _____ ____ ______ _______ __________ _______ _________ _________ __________.
___ _________ _____ _________ ____ _________ _______.
_____ __________ ___ __________ ______ ________ ________ ____ ______ _____ ________ _________.
______ _________ _________ __________ ___ _________.
___ ________ ________ _______ ____ _____ ________ _________ ___.
________ ___ ________ ______ __________.
________ ______ _______ _______ _____ ________ ___ ____.
_______ ___ ________ _______ _______ __________.
_____ ____ __________ ___ _____ _____ _________.
__________ ____ ____ ___ ________ _______ _________ ____ _____ _________.
_______ _______ _______ ____ ___ ______ _____ ____.
________ __________ _____ ________ ______ ___.
_____ ___ _____ _______ _________ _________ _________.
______ __________ _________ __________ ____ _____.
____ ____ ___ _________ __________ ________ _____.
___ __________ _____ ____ ________.
_______ ___ _____ _______ ______ _______ __________.
_________ __________ ______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _________ _____ ____ _____ ________.
_______ _____ ___ _________ _______ _________.
_____ _____ __________ __________ ____.
___ ________ _______ ____ _______ __________ __________ _________ __________ ____ ______.
_______ ______ ________ _____ _________ ____.
________ __________ ____ ______ _________.
_______ _______ ___ ______ ___.
________ _________ ___ _________ __________ __________ ____ ________.
_____ __________ ___ _______ _________ ________ _____ _______ _____ __________ ______.
______ ________ ____ ___ _________.
______ _______ __________ _________ _____ ________ ____ _________ ____ ___ ______ ____.
______ _______ _______ ____ ___.
_________ __________ _____ ______ ___ _________ _____ ________ _______ _____.
___ ___ ____ __________ _______ ______ _____ _________ ______ ______ _____.
________ _________ ________ ____ _______ __________ _________ ______ __________ ____ ___.
___ _________ _________ _______ _______ ____ ________ ______ _______ ________ ______ ________.
________ _____ ____ ____ _________.
_______ _______ _______ ___ _____ ____ __________ _________ ____ ______.
______ ________ ________ ______ ___ ___ ______ ________ _______ _______ ________.
__________ ________ ___ ______ ____ _______ _________.
__________ _______ _________ ___ ______ ___ ____ ____.
_____ _______ _____ _____ _____.
________ _________ ________ _______ ________ __________ ______ ______.
_____ _______ _____ __________ ______ ______ ______ ______ ___ ______ _______ ___.
_______ __________ __________ __________ ___ ___ ____ ______ _________ _____ _______ ________.
________ _____ _________ _________ ________ _________.
________ ______ ________ _____ _______ ___ _______ _____.
____ ______ _______ ___ _______ ________ _______ ______ ______.
_______ _________ _____ ________ ___ ___.
_____ ______ ___ ____ ______ ________ ___ ________ _________.
___ ___ _____ ____ _________ _________ _________ __________ _________.
______ ______ _____ __________ __________ _________ ____.
_______ _______ _________ _________ _________ ______ ___ ______ ___ _________ _____.
_____ ___ _____ ________ ________ __________ _____ __________ ____.
______ _______ _________ ____ ______ ________ _____ __________ ____ ___.
__________ __________ ________ __________ ________ ___ _____ _________ _____ _______ _________.
________ _______ ____ _________ __________ ________ ___ ____ _____.
___ _______ _______ ________ __________ ________ _____ _____.
____ ___ _________ _____ _____ ____ _________ ____ _____ __________.
________ _____ _______ ____ _____ __________ _______ ___.
______ _________ ________ ___ _______ _______ ________ ______ __________ ______ _______ _______.
__________ _________ _______ ______ _____ __________ ____ ____ ___ _________.
_____ _______ ____ _______ __________ __________ ____ _____ ____ _________ ________.
____ _________ _________ ___ _______ __________ _____ ____ ______.
______ _______ ____ _____ ____ _______.
____ ___ _______ _________ ________ __________ __________ __________ ____ _______.
________ _________ _____ __________ ______.
Skip in 10
भारत में उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में राष्ट्रीय चेतना के विकास के साथ 1885 में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस की स्थापना हुई। कांग्रेस ने भारतीयों को एक साझा राजनीतिक मंच प्रदान किया और ब्रिटिश शासन के विरुद्ध संवैधानिक तथा राजनीतिक संघर्ष को संगठित किया। कांग्रेस के प्रारम्भिक चरण में दादाभाई नौरोजी, सुरेन्द्रनाथ बनर्जी, गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले, फिरोजशाह मेहता और बदरुद्दीन तैयबजी जैसे नेता नरमपंथी विचारधारा के प्रतिनिधि थे। बीसवीं शताब्दी के आरम्भ में ब्रिटिश नीतियों के प्रति बढ़ते असंतोष, बंगाल विभाजन और स्वदेशी आंदोलन के प्रभाव से बाल गंगाधर तिलक, लाला लाजपत राय, बिपिन चंद्र पाल और अरविंद घोष जैसे गरमपंथी नेताओं का प्रभाव बढ़ा। इस प्रकार कांग्रेस के भीतर दो राजनीतिक धाराएँ विकसित हुईं, जिनके उद्देश्य में कुछ समानताएँ होते हुए भी साधनों, राजनीतिक दृष्टिकोण और संघर्ष की रणनीति में महत्वपूर्ण अंतर था। नरमपंथियों का उदय मुख्यतः 1885 से 1905 के बीच कांग्रेस के राजनीतिक नेतृत्व के रूप में हुआ। उनका विश्वास ब्रिटिश शासन की संवैधानिक संस्थाओं और ब्रिटिश उदारवाद की परंपरा में था। वे मानते थे कि ब्रिटिश जनता और संसद भारतीयों की वास्तविक समस्याओं को समझने के बाद न्यायपूर्ण सुधारों के लिए तैयार हो सकती है। इसलिए उनका संघर्ष ब्रिटिश शासन को तत्काल समाप्त करने के बजाय प्रशासन में भारतीयों की भागीदारी बढ़ाने और क्रमिक राजनीतिक सुधार प्राप्त करने पर केंद्रित था। इसके विपरीत, गरमपंथियों का प्रभाव विशेष रूप से 1905 के बाद बढ़ा। वे नरमपंथियों की धीमी और याचिकापरक राजनीति से संतुष्ट नहीं थे। उनका मानना था कि ब्रिटिश सरकार केवल प्रार्थनाओं, याचिकाओं और संवैधानिक अपीलों से भारतीयों को राजनीतिक अधिकार नहीं देगी। तिलक का प्रसिद्ध विचार था कि “स्वराज्य मेरा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है और मैं इसे लेकर रहूँगा।” इससे गरमपंथियों के राजनीतिक लक्ष्य और उनकी संघर्षशील प्रवृत्ति स्पष्ट होती है। दोनों
___ ____ __________ _____ ___ _________ _____._________ _________ ________ ____ _____ __________ _________.
_________ __________ _____ _____ _________ ___ ________.
__________ ________ ______ _____ _________ ________.
_________ _______ _____ ______ ___ _________ ________ ______.
______ __________ ___ __________ ___.
____ _____ ___ ________ __________ _______.
____ _____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ________ __________.
____ ____ __________ ___ ______ ____ _________ ___.
_____ ___ ________ _____ __________ _________ ______.
__________ ______ ______ ______ _______ ________.
_________ ____ ___ ______ ____.
___ _________ ________ ____ _____ ____ _______ __________ ______ _______ ______ _________.
___ _____ _____ _____ ______ ___ __________ _________ ____ _____.
________ __________ _________ ________ ___ _______ _________.
___ __________ ____ ________ _______.
_________ __________ ____ ____ _______ __________ _________.
___ ______ _____ ________ ____.
__________ ____ ___ ______ ________ ________ _______ _______ _______ ________.
____ ____ ____ ________ __________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ______.
____ _____ __________ __________ ________ ____ _________ __________.
_______ ________ __________ _______ ______.
_________ ___ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____ ______.
_________ ________ ___ ___ __________ _______ ______ __________ ____ ___ ________ ___.
_____ ________ ______ _________ ________ _________.
_____ _______ ___ ___ __________ _____ ________ ____ _________ _____ ______.
___ _________ _________ __________ _______ _________ ____ ________ ________ _________ ____ ______.
______ ___ ___ __________ ___ ________ _____ ______ _________.
_______ ______ ____ ___ ________ ______ _________ ____.
_____ ______ ___ ___ ____ ___ _______ ____ ____ _______ _________.
______ _______ _________ ___ ____ _____ ______ _________ ________ __________ _________ _______.
________ ___ ______ ____ ___.
___ ______ ________ ___ _______.
______ ________ _____ __________ ______ _________ ___ ______.
_________ _____ _____ __________ ______ _________ ______.
_______ _____ ________ ____ _______ ____ ___ ______ ____ _________ _______.
_________ ________ __________ ___ __________ _______ _________ _________ _______ ______.
__________ _____ _____ _________ _________ _______ ________ ________ _______.
________ _________ _______ _______ _______ ____ ___ ___ ________ _______ ________.
___ ________ ________ ____ _______ ___.
____ _________ ________ _____ _____ ______.
_____ ___ _______ ____ _____ ________.
_______ _________ ______ __________ __________ ________.
_______ ___ _______ __________ __________.
____ _______ __________ _______ __________ _______ _____.
___ _______ _______ ______ _____ _____ __________.
_________ ______ _______ _________ _______ ______ _________.
_______ __________ _____ _______ _______ _______ __________ __________ _______ ______ _______ _____.
______ _____ ______ _____ ____ _________ ___ ______ _________ ____.
_____ _________ _____ ____ ____ _____ ______ _______ _______.
__________ ________ _________ _____ ____ ______ ____ ________.
__________ __________ ____ _____ ____ ___ ________ __________ ______ _____ ________.
______ ______ ________ ________ ___ ___ _______.
_______ ____ ______ _____ ____ ______ _______ __________ _______ _________ _________ __________.
___ _________ _____ _________ ____ _________ _______.
_____ __________ ___ __________ ______ ________ ________ ____ ______ _____ ________ _________.
______ _________ _________ __________ ___ _________.
___ ________ ________ _______ ____ _____ ________ _________ ___.
________ ___ ________ ______ __________.
________ ______ _______ _______ _____ ________ ___ ____.
_______ ___ ________ _______ _______ __________.
_____ ____ __________ ___ _____ _____ _________.
__________ ____ ____ ___ ________ _______ _________ ____ _____ _________.
_______ _______ _______ ____ ___ ______ _____ ____.
________ __________ _____ ________ ______ ___.
_____ ___ _____ _______ _________ _________ _________.
______ __________ _________ __________ ____ _____.
____ ____ ___ _________ __________ ________ _____.
___ __________ _____ ____ ________.
_______ ___ _____ _______ ______ _______ __________.
_________ __________ ______ ________ ________ ________ _______ _________ _____ ____ _____ ________.
_______ _____ ___ _________ _______ _________.
_____ _____ __________ __________ ____.
___ ________ _______ ____ _______ __________ __________ _________ __________ ____ ______.
_______ ______ ________ _____ _________ ____.
________ __________ ____ ______ _________.
_______ _______ ___ ______ ___.
________ _________ ___ _________ __________ __________ ____ ________.
_____ __________ ___ _______ _________ ________ _____ _______ _____ __________ ______.
______ ________ ____ ___ _________.
______ _______ __________ _________ _____ ________ ____ _________ ____ ___ ______ ____.
______ _______ _______ ____ ___.
_________ __________ _____ ______ ___ _________ _____ ________ _______ _____.
___ ___ ____ __________ _______ ______ _____ _________ ______ ______ _____.
________ _________ ________ ____ _______ __________ _________ ______ __________ ____ ___.
___ _________ _________ _______ _______ ____ ________ ______ _______ ________ ______ ________.
________ _____ ____ ____ _________.
_______ _______ _______ ___ _____ ____ __________ _________ ____ ______.
______ ________ ________ ______ ___ ___ ______ ________ _______ _______ ________.
__________ ________ ___ ______ ____ _______ _________.
__________ _______ _________ ___ ______ ___ ____ ____.
_____ _______ _____ _____ _____.
________ _________ ________ _______ ________ __________ ______ ______.
_____ _______ _____ __________ ______ ______ ______ ______ ___ ______ _______ ___.
_______ __________ __________ __________ ___ ___ ____ ______ _________ _____ _______ ________.
________ _____ _________ _________ ________ _________.
________ ______ ________ _____ _______ ___ _______ _____.
____ ______ _______ ___ _______ ________ _______ ______ ______.
_______ _________ _____ ________ ___ ___.
_____ ______ ___ ____ ______ ________ ___ ________ _________.
___ ___ _____ ____ _________ _________ _________ __________ _________.
______ ______ _____ __________ __________ _________ ____.
_______ _______ _________ _________ _________ ______ ___ ______ ___ _________ _____.
_____ ___ _____ ________ ________ __________ _____ __________ ____.
______ _______ _________ ____ ______ ________ _____ __________ ____ ___.
__________ __________ ________ __________ ________ ___ _____ _________ _____ _______ _________.
________ _______ ____ _________ __________ ________ ___ ____ _____.
___ _______ _______ ________ __________ ________ _____ _____.
____ ___ _________ _____ _____ ____ _________ ____ _____ __________.
________ _____ _______ ____ _____ __________ _______ ___.
______ _________ ________ ___ _______ _______ ________ ______ __________ ______ _______ _______.
__________ _________ _______ ______ _____ __________ ____ ____ ___ _________.
_____ _______ ____ _______ __________ __________ ____ _____ ____ _________ ________.
____ _________ _________ ___ _______ __________ _____ ____ ______.
______ _______ ____ _____ ____ _______.
____ ___ _______ _________ ________ __________ __________ __________ ____ _______.
________ _________ _____ __________ ______.
IGNOU ACADEMY
Your IGNOU journey, made easier.
- Solved Assignments
- Study Notes
- Guess Papers
- Question Papers
Continue Reading — It's Free
Sign in with Google to unlock more of this answer.
✓ Free access
✓ Unlock up to 60% of the answer
✓ No payment required
✓ Unlock up to 60% of the answer
✓ No payment required
Quick Google sign-in. No separate registration form.