Question
ब्रितानी शासन के अंतर्गत कृषि के वाणिज्यीकरण की प्रकृति पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1291
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ब्रिटानी शासन के अंतर्गत भारत में कृषि के वाणिज्यीकरण का अर्थ ऐसी कृषि व्यवस्था के विकास से था जिसमें किसान अपनी उपज का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग स्थानीय उपभोग के बजाय बाजार में बेचने के लिए पैदा करने लगे। यह प्रक्रिया मुख्यतः अठारहवीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध से शुरू हुई और उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी के मध्य तक अधिक स्पष्ट हो गई। ब्रिटिश शासन से पहले भी भारत में कृषि उत्पादन का बाजार से संबंध था, लेकिन औपनिवेशिक काल में यह संबंध अधिक व्यापक, नियमित और ब्रिटिश व्यापारिक एवं राजस्व हितों से जुड़ गया। इसलिए कृषि का वाणिज्यीकरण केवल फसलों के परिवर्तन की प्रक्रिया नहीं था, बल्कि ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को औपनिवेशिक बाजार और राजस्व व्यवस्था के अधीन करने की व्यापक प्रक्रिया थी। ब्रिटिश शासन के विस्तार के साथ भूमि-राजस्व की नई व्यवस्थाएँ लागू की गईं। स्थायी बंदोबस्त, रैयतवाड़ी और महालवाड़ी व्यवस्थाओं ने किसानों पर नियमित और प्रायः ऊँचे राजस्व भुगतान का दबाव डाला। नकद राजस्व की माँग ने किसानों को अपनी उपज का एक हिस्सा बाजार में बेचने के लिए बाध्य किया। पहले किसान मुख्यतः अपनी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति के लिए अनाज पैदा करते थे और स्थानीय विनिमय व्यवस्था पर निर्भर रहते थे। अब उन्हें राजस्व चुकाने के लिए नकदी की आवश्यकता पड़ने लगी। इस प्रकार राजस्व व्यवस्था ने कृषि के वाणिज्यीकरण को बढ़ावा दिया। ब्रिटिश औद्योगिक क्रांति और विश्व बाजार के विस्तार ने भी इस प्रक्रिया को गति दी। ब्रिटेन के उद्योगों को कच्चे माल की आवश्यकता थी और भारत को उनके लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत बनाया गया। भारत में कपड़ा उद्योग के लिए कपास, नील उद्योग के लिए नील, जूट, अफीम, चाय तथा अन्य व्यापारिक फसलों के उत्पादन को बढ़ावा दिया गया। दूसरी ओर ब्रिटिश निर्मित वस्तुओं के लिए भारत एक बाजार बनता गया। इस प्रकार
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