Question
ब्रिटिश भारत में रियासती रजवाड़ों की प्रकृति के बारे में बताइए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1281
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ब्रिटिश भारत में रियासती रजवाड़े भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप की राजनीतिक व्यवस्था का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग थे। भारत में ब्रिटिश शासन के समय लगभग 562 से अधिक रियासतें थीं, जिनका आकार, शक्ति, आय, जनसंख्या तथा प्रशासनिक क्षमता एक-दूसरे से अत्यंत भिन्न थी। कुछ रियासतें, जैसे हैदराबाद, मैसूर, जम्मू-कश्मीर, ग्वालियर, बड़ौदा और त्रावणकोर विशाल एवं समृद्ध थीं, जबकि अनेक रियासतें इतनी छोटी थीं कि उनका क्षेत्रफल कुछ गाँवों तक ही सीमित था। इन रियासतों की प्रकृति को समझने के लिए उनकी उत्पत्ति, ब्रिटिश सत्ता से संबंध, प्रशासनिक स्वरूप, आर्थिक व्यवस्था, सामाजिक स्थिति तथा भारतीय राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन के साथ उनके संबंधों का अध्ययन आवश्यक है। रियासती रजवाड़े वे राज्य थे जिन पर स्थानीय राजा, महाराजा, नवाब, निज़ाम, ठाकुर या अन्य पारंपरिक शासकों का शासन था। यद्यपि वे आंतरिक प्रशासन में सीमित स्वायत्तता रखते थे, परंतु वे पूर्णतः स्वतंत्र नहीं थे। ब्रिटिश सरकार ने उन्हें अपनी सर्वोच्च सत्ता अर्थात् 'पैरामाउंटसी' के अधीन रखा था। इस प्रकार उनकी संप्रभुता सीमित थी और उनकी विदेश नीति, रक्षा तथा अनेक महत्त्वपूर्ण मामलों पर ब्रिटिश सरकार का नियंत्रण रहता था। इन रियासतों की उत्पत्ति विभिन्न ऐतिहासिक परिस्थितियों में हुई थी। कुछ रियासतें मुगल साम्राज्य के विघटन के बाद स्थापित हुईं, कुछ मराठा शक्ति के पतन के परिणामस्वरूप विकसित हुईं, जबकि कुछ प्राचीन राजवंशों की उत्तराधिकारी थीं। ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी ने अपनी साम्राज्यवादी नीति के अंतर्गत कई राज्यों को पराजित किया तथा अनेक राज्यों के साथ संधियाँ कर उन्हें अपने प्रभाव क्षेत्र में शामिल किया। लॉर्ड वेलेजली की सहायक संधि प्रणाली तथा बाद में ब्रिटिश क्राउन की नीतियों ने इन रियासतों को ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य से स्थायी रूप से जोड़ दिया। रियासतों की सबसे प्रमुख विशेषता उनकी ब्रिटिश सत्ता पर निर्भरता थी। प्रत्येक बड़ी रियासत में ब्रिटिश सरकार का एक रेजिडेंट या राजनीतिक
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