Question
कम्पनी को परिभाषित करें। विभिन्न प्रकार की कम्पनियों का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1347
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कम्पनी एक ऐसी विधिक संस्था है जिसका गठन एक या अधिक व्यक्तियों द्वारा किसी वैध उद्देश्य की पूर्ति के लिए किया जाता है और जिसे कानून द्वारा उसके सदस्यों से एक अलग एवं स्वतंत्र कानूनी व्यक्तित्व प्रदान किया जाता है। कम्पनी अपने नाम से सम्पत्ति रख सकती है, अनुबंध कर सकती है, मुकदमा कर सकती है तथा उसके विरुद्ध मुकदमा किया जा सकता है। भारतीय कम्पनी कानून के संदर्भ में कम्पनी का गठन, संचालन, प्रबंधन, सदस्यों के अधिकार तथा दायित्व मुख्यतः कम्पनी अधिनियम, 2013 द्वारा नियंत्रित किए जाते हैं। कम्पनी का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण गुण यह है कि इसका अस्तित्व उसके सदस्यों से अलग होता है। इसलिए किसी कम्पनी के सदस्य बदल जाने, उनकी मृत्यु हो जाने या उनके कम्पनी से अलग हो जाने पर भी कम्पनी का अस्तित्व समाप्त नहीं होता। कम्पनी को कानून द्वारा निर्मित कृत्रिम व्यक्ति भी कहा जाता है, क्योंकि इसका अपना कोई प्राकृतिक शरीर या मन नहीं होता, फिर भी कानून इसे एक व्यक्ति के समान अनेक अधिकार और दायित्व प्रदान करता है। कम्पनी अपने निदेशकों और अधिकृत अधिकारियों के माध्यम से कार्य करती है। कम्पनी की सम्पत्ति उसके सदस्यों की व्यक्तिगत सम्पत्ति से अलग होती है। इसी प्रकार सामान्यतः कम्पनी के सदस्यों की देयता भी उनके द्वारा कम्पनी में लगाए गए पूंजी निवेश या उनके द्वारा ली गई शेयरों की राशि तक सीमित रहती है। यह विशेषता व्यापारिक गतिविधियों में निवेश को प्रोत्साहित करती है और कम्पनी को एक प्रभावी व्यावसायिक संगठन का स्वरूप प्रदान करती है। कम्पनियों को उनके गठन, सदस्यों की संख्या, दायित्व, नियंत्रण, स्वामित्व और उद्देश्य के आधार पर विभिन्न प्रकारों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है। कम्पनी अधिनियम, 2013 के अंतर्गत प्रमुख प्रकार निम्नलिखित हैं। निजी कम्पनी वह कम्पनी है जिसके उपनियम उसके शेयरों के हस्तांतरण के अधिकार को प्रतिबंधित करते हैं और जो अपने सदस्यों की संख्या को निर्धारित सीमा के भीतर रखती है। निजी कम्पनी जनता को अपने प्रतिभूतियों
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